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Differential GPS: Is It Worth the Money?

Author: Allan Tarvid
The Defense Department justifies limiting the position accuracy available from civilian GPS units via selective availability (S.A.) by claiming it prevents enemies from using our own system against us. (Selective availability is the government intentionally degrading position accuracy.) The potential threat the government describes most often to justify S.A. is that without it a terrorist could equip a guided missile with a civilian receiver and cause havoc with pinpoint accuracy.

Bad Credit Credit Creditres Perhaps I'm overly cynical, but it seems to me that an individual or group with the resources to obtain, transport, program and launch a guided missile would have considerably less trouble getting their hands on a military-grade GPS receiver or the know-how to use other, legal, more accurate means than GPS. Now that S.A. is scheduled to be turned off within the next decade, the improved system accuracy will be welcome, but it may not provide as much improvement as some expect.

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Bad Consolidation Credit Debt Other equally cynical GPS users have asked why, if S.A. was put in place as a security fence around our country, did we build a public bridge across that fence with differential GPS (DGPS)? Why did the government spend our money to develop and implement S.A., then spend millions more on DGPS towers and transmitters to get around S.A. instead of simply turning it off? Others who have held off from buying DGPS wonder if, after S.A. is turned off, the government can justify expanding and maintaining DGPS. After all, if they invest in DGPS equipment, what are the chances that the system might be discontinued? All these questions can be answered with one universal response: Even without S.A., standard GPS will still never be as accurate as DGPS. In fact, DGPS is considerably more accurate than GPS with S.A. turned off.

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Bad Card Credit Credit DGPS employs stationary receivers permanently installed at surveyed locations. These receivers constantly compare their known positions with the positions currently assigned to them by the satellites. They treat any difference as error and send out corrections via a radio beacon to all DGPS receivers within range. By referencing a ground station at a known location, DGPS minimizes errors from the atmosphere, time, satellite orbit and satellite geometry, and eliminates the effects of S.A. Since these error sources are changing constantly and your boat is moving continuously, constant contact with a DGPS ground station is necessary to maintain accuracy from one minute to the next.

Today' channel design. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average. Newer GPS receivers with WAAS (wide area augmentation system) capability can improve accuracy to less than 3 meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), 5 meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS.

Bad Car Credit Loan Let's look at the numbers. With S.A. turned on, the official accuracy of GPS is stated as 100 meters or better, 95 percent of the time. I've never experienced that worst-case, 100-meter accuracy, but the system managers warn us to be prepared for it. Take away S.A. error and typical accuracy for a standard GPS receiver is about 25 meters. That's four times better than when S.A. is on.

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Bad Credit Loan Mortgage A DGPS receiver delivers typical accuracy of 5 to 10 meters - 10 to 20 times better than GPS with S.A. and two to five times better than GPS without S.A. Some manufacturers report experiencing exceptional accuracy during DGPS tests. Leica, for instance, has reported seeing accuracy within 1 meter (3.3 feet) during field trials of its new MX-412 unit with built-in DGPS beacon receiver. Accuracy as good as 10 feet has been observed during tests of the Si-Tex GPS-9D/Koden KGP-98D with built-in beacon receiver. Northstar describes 10-foot accuracy as being typical for its 951 XD chart plotter with built-in dual-channel beacon receiver.

Auto Bad Credit Loan Here's the bottom line: I'd rather use a DGPS unit offering only average accuracy and be within 15 to 30 feet of where it says I am than use a nondifferential receiver that will only be accurate to within 75 feet without S.A.. Even at 30 feet, differential accuracy will get me safely through almost any harbor entrance when visibility is limited and lead me to my slip, even if it isn't quite good enough to guide me right to the dock's cleats.

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Bad Credit Refinance Most manufacturers of differential-capable GPS units offer beacon receivers for 1997. All the beacon receivers available to recreational boaters use a standard-output format (interface language allowing electronic instruments to talk to each other) called RTCM-104. Mixing brand names shouldn't pose any more of an instrument-to-instrument communication problem than we now see with other types of electronics that interface using the NMEA-0183 format.

Bad Credit Mortgage Second Coast Guard DGPS beacon transmitters have a maximum broadcast range of about 200 miles. Currently, 37 transmitters cover almost all U.S. coastal waters including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Still others provide coverage for inland waters. (A full list of stations and their up-to-the-minute status can be found at the Coast Guard's navigation Web site: www.navcen.uscg.mil.) Transmitters have different broadcast frequencies so a DGPS unit can tell which beacon tower it's receiving. Part of the reason for the short range: Satellite signal corrections for one area aren't the same as those for another. The satellites will be in different positions overhead, and atmospheric conditions between them and the earth will be different in any two areas a few hundred miles apart, so local corrections are necessary.

Bad Credit Loan Student Basic beacon receivers must be manually tuned from one transmitter to the next as a skipper cruises between towers. More advanced automatic receivers lock in the strongest signal without help and can be turned on and forgotten. Some automatic units use multiple-receiver channels to search out the best beacon and can switch quickly to a backup if the strongest beacon signal is lost.

Bad Card Credit DGPS beacon signals can be also affected by local thunderstorms or other electronic interference because they come from land-based towers on frequencies much lower than those used by the satellites. Like Loran-C, DGPS can go away when you need it the most. The good news is that losing your beacon signal just drops you back to nondifferential GPS. Still, responsible offshore fishermen should never depend completely on electronics for navigation.

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